ANNEX III

Sanctions Bibliography

BOOKS

Cortright, David, & George A. Lopez, eds., Economic Sanctions: Panacea or Peacebuilding in a Post-Cold War World?, Westview Press, Boulder, 1995.

The editors of this volume look upon sanctions in a positive light, though with notable weaknesses. They point to humanitarian concerns as the greatest among these weaknesses, but as a general rule sanctions are presented as a useful tool when diplomacy is not adequate and war too extreme. The book calls for more detailed studies of when and how to best use sanctions.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy, 2d ed., Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, 1990.

This landmark study was thoroughly updated in 1990. It chronicles and evaluates 116 uses of economic sanctions since 1914. Each case study contains a concise chronology; the sanctioning country's objectives and the target country's response; the roles played by important third countries; relevant economic data and a calculation of the costs; and an assessment of the outcome. From this exhaustive analysis, the authors distill a set of "commandments" to guide policymakers in the effective use of sanctions.

Martin, L.L., Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton University Press, 1992. 324 pp.

This study shows that multilateral sanctions are coercive in their pressure on their target and in their origin: the sanctions themselves frequently result from coercive policies, with one state attempting to coerce others through persuasion, threats, and promises. The author emphasizes that credible commitments gain international cooperation, and concludes that the involvement of international institutions and the willingness of the main "sender" to bear heavy costs are the central factors influencing the sanction's credibility.

Minear, Larry, David Cortright, Julia Wagler, George A. Lopez, & Thomas G. Weiss, Toward More Humane and Effective Sanctions Management: Enhancing the Capacity of the United Nations System, Occasional Paper #31, Providence: Watson Institute, 1998. 90 pp.

Drawing upon expertise in both humanitarian activities and sanctions scholarship, the report offers a series of recommendations to the United Nations system for ameliorating the adverse humanitarian consequences of sanctions and making their implementation more effective and accountable. The authors call for greater transparency in the functioning of UN sanctions committees and urge that the present ad hoc policy be replaced by a more regime-like system characterized by agreed principles, rules, and procedures.

Weiss, Thomas G., David Cortright, George A. Lopez, Larry Minear, eds., Political Gain and Civilian Pain, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997. 277 pp.

In this study sanctions and humanitarian aid experts consider the humanitarian impacts of sanctions along with their potential political benefits. The results show that often the most vulnerable members of targeted societies pay the price of sanctions and that, in addition, the international system is called upon to compensate the victims for the undeniable pain they have suffered.

ARTICLES/REPORTS

Copies of these articles can be obtained by contacting the Office on Development Policy: tel. 202-543-6336; fax 202-546-6232; e-mail: cwslwr@igc.apc.org

Garten, Jeffrey E., "Business and Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs, May/June 1997, 67-79.

Making the business case against unilateral sanctions, this article argues for an enlightened business-government partnership in a globalized economy. While the focus of this article is the relationship between business and foreign policy, sanctions are placed in a useful context.

Haas, Richard N., "Sanctioning Madness," Foreign Affairs, November/December 1997, 74-85.

In this article, the author argues that "the problem with economic sanctions is that they frequently contribute little to American foreign policy goals while being costly and even counterproductive, " and that ultimately sanctions, particularly unilateral economic sanctions, do more harm than good.

Heilbrunn, Jacob, "The Sanctions Sellout," The New Republic, 25 May 1998

This article deals with the debate over sanctions and the influence of corporations in foreign policy, as well as some of the major players and countries in this ongoing debate.

Kean, Leslie, and Dennis Bernstein, "Aung San Suu Kyi," The Progressive, March 1997, 32-35.

Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, the democratically elected leader of a militarily controlled nation, discusses the repressive situation in Burma (Myanmar) and calls for sanctions against her homeland in an effort to create internal pressure for reform among the elite.

Kulessa, Manfred, and Dorothee Starck, "Peace through Sanctions: Recommendations for German UN Policy," Development and Peace Foundation. December 1997.

This policy paper not only provides excellent background information on the use of sanctions, but also outlines essential criteria and makes recommendations regarding the use of sanctions by the United Nations. Special attention is given to humanitarian considerations.

Lukas, Aaron, "Reconsidering Unilateral Economic Sanctions," International Affairs Review, Winter/Spring 1998. 50-67.

This article suggests measures Congress should employ to reveal the hidden costs of unilateral sanctions and provides standardized criteria for their adoption. It argues that Congress should substitute rational analysis for the politics and emotionalism that currently surround the sanctions issue.

Manby, Bronwen, "South Africa: The Impact of Sanctions," Journal of International Affairs, Summer 1992. 193-217.

This article analyzes the South African government's decision to change its policy of Apartheid. The author concludes that international sanctions, while not the only factor, played a role in this decision by creating internal pressure for change, particularly from the business community.

Mennonite Central Committee(Bi-National) Executive Committee, meeting in Winnepeg, Canada, June 26, 1998, "Iraq and Sanctions: an MCC Comment." 4 pp.

This statement explains MCC's position on economic sanctions against Iraq and why MCC believes the current sanctions policy is ill conceived and immoral.  It includes comments on ways those sanctions can be changed and a set of six guidelines which MCC uses in considering whether or not sanctions should be supported.

Mody, Nisha Marie, "US Sanctions Policy: Balancing Principles and Interests," The Stanley Foundation, 1997.

This brief report is the product of a conference during which participants, some of whom are experts on the topic, met to discuss sanctions and US foreign policy. The topics covered include: trends, unilateral sanctions, state and local sanctions, multilateral sanctions, moving beyond unilateral sanctions to relationship management, and suggestions for improving sanctions.

National Conference of Catholic Bishops, "The Harvest of Justice is Sown in Peace: A Reflection of the National Conference of Bishops on the Tenth Anniversary of The Challenge of Peace," November 17, 1993, p. 14-15.

A sub-section of this statement of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops sets out precise criteria for the moral use of economic sanctions.

"UN Sanctioned Suffering: A Human Rights Assessment of United Nations Sanctions on Iraq," Center for Economic and Social Rights, May 1996. 43pp.

A result of two trips to Iraq in 1996, this report documents the severe humanitarian crisis that is occurring there. It also presents findings on health and economics as well as providing a photo essay and a legal assessment of UN sanctions.

WEBSITES

GLOBAL POLICY INSTITUTE examines the sanctions issue from many different perspectives. Each perspective links to additional documents and sources of information.  This well balanced site can be found at: www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/theindex.htm

HUMANITARIANISM AND WAR PROJECT at Brown University is co-directed by Thomas Weiss and Larry Minear who are both co-authors of two of the books listed in this bibliography. Their website which includes information on current news and projects can be found at:   www.brown.edu/Departments/Watson_Institute/H_W/ecosanc.html

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES held a hearing on sanctions at the beginning of June 1998. The testimony from that hearing can be found at: www.house.gov/international_relations/full/fullhear.htm Under the heading for the sanctions hearing there are links to each of the seven statements given at the hearing.

USA ENGAGE is a coalition of businesses working against the indiscriminate use of sanctions by the U.S. government. Many sources and useful links can be found at: www.usaengage.org